Metric
Savitri (PoU)
Ethereum (PoS)
Solana (PoH)
Proof of Unity (PoU)
At the heart of the Savitri Network lies Proof of Unity (PoU) — a groundbreaking consensus mechanism engineered for scalability, energy efficiency, decentralization, and real-world interoperability. Unlike traditional protocols that rely on energy-intensive mining or stake-weighted voting, PoU introduces collaborative validation through distributed node clusters and cryptographic proofs.
Consensus is reached through a rotating set of randomized validation clusters of independent nodes.
Transactions are validated in parallel across clusters, drastically increasing throughput.
PoU optionally integrates ZK-SNARKs for verifiable privacy-preserving computation.
Nodes are not required to stake tokens, enabling broader decentralization and participation.
Hardware-Agnostic: Designed to run on consumer-grade and embedded devices, including IoT endpoints.
The Proof of Unity protocol goes beyond traditional consensus by integrating privacy-preserving cryptography and layered validation, ensuring performance, resilience, and regulatory-grade accountability.
• Nodes are dynamically grouped into 30+ randomly selected peers per block.
• Each group works together to validate transactions using Zero-Knowledge Proofs (ZKPs).
• This enables sub-second finality (average: 860 ms) and 230,000+ TPS, without central bottlenecks.
Savitri integrates ZKPs into its consensus path to drastically improve both privacy and scalability:
• Efficient Validation: Instead of every node re-executing full transactions, they validate compact, cryptographic proofs of correctness.
• Privacy-First Design: Enables secure processing of sensitive data, including proprietary AI models and personal IoT streams, without exposing raw inputs.
• Scalability Gains: Significantly reduces redundant computation, allowing high throughput without sacrificing security.
Master Nodes serve as the second layer of transaction finality — positioned after the initial PoU Group approval:
• Secondary Validation Layer: Once PoU Groups reach consensus, Master Nodes verify aggregated signatures and integrity of block proposals.
• Checkpoint Finality: They confirm, finalize, and broadcast validated blocks to the wider network.
• Distributed Authority: Master Nodes operate on a rotating election basis to prevent centralization, and require higher stake collateral and uptime guarantees.
Every transaction on Savitri passes through a multi-phase verification pipeline:
1. Cluster Approval (PoU Groups): Small, randomized node clusters validate blocks using BLS multi-signatures.
2. Finality Check (Master Nodes): These nodes verify group consensus, apply temporal locking, and prepare for broadcast.
3. Network Propagation: Confirmed blocks are distributed across the chain, enabling trustless synchronization and cross-node verification.
This multi-tiered approach ensures high-speed processing at the edge, while maintaining deep resilience and auditability at the core — without compromising scalability or decentralization.
From transaction pooling to cryptographic finality — this is how Proof of Unity delivers ultra-fast, secure, and decentralized validation.
Incoming transactions are collected into a mempool and time-ordered using a cryptographic timestamp protocol.
Participating nodes are pseudorandomly grouped into Validation Clusters (VCs), each comprising 33–99 nodes depending on load and topology.
Node grouping is derived from a common randomness beacon seeded via VRF (Verifiable Random Function), ensuring Sybil resistance without staking.
Each transaction is validated by at least three independent clusters, with each cluster generating a partial cryptographic proof of correctness.
Cluster signatures are aggregated into a Proof of Unity (PoU) block — a cryptographically signed record containing:
Merkle root of validated txs
Group signature threshold proof (BLS or Schnorr multi-sig)
Optional ZK proof of computation integrity
The PoU block is broadcast to the network and added to the canonical chain once a supermajority of the network reaches consensus. Average finality is under 2 seconds, with target block time of 500ms under standard load.
None
~130
~65,000 (burst)
860 msec
13-15 sec
~1 sec
0.002 kWh
0.03–0.05 kWh
~0.01 kWh
Mobile, computer, server & IoT capable
Enterprise nodes
GPU/Validator-heavy
None
High staking requirement
High-performance nodes
Validation workload is parallelized across clusters without loss of global consistency.
Orders of magnitude less power usage than PoW/PoS — aligned with ESG mandates.
PoU is compatible with EVM environments and bridges to other chains using cryptographic verification.
PoU transactions can be constructed and signed via Savitri SDK (TypeScript, Python, Rust).
Supports deterministic execution environments (WASM and EVM) with minimal gas.
Proof-of-Unity enables lightweight node operations directly on sensor or embedded devices.
Immutable, Merkle-verified logs built into each PoU block make it suitable for supply chain, identity, and audit-trail systems.
Predictable flat fees ($0.0035/tx) and high throughput enable real-time data automation at scale.
Frictionless dApp deployment, instant finality, and built-in AI & IoT support.
Inclusive participation, secure governance, and real ownership of data and value.